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Florida, known for its year-round sunny weather and iconic attractions like Disneyland and EPCOT, has long been a popular tourist destination. And though many people think of Miami and Orlando when planning a trip to Florida, Tampa is fast becoming one of the country's most popular getaway spots. The city has seen its tourism sector grow over the past few years, so we dove into the location analytics data to better understand these tourism trends.
Tampa has emerged as an attractive place for out-of-state home buyers and relocators in recent years – especially for younger generations looking to take advantage of the city’s status as an emerging tech hub as well as enjoy the pleasant climate and beautiful beaches. But examining foot traffic trends to Downtown Tampa also reveals Tampa’s growing popularity among out-of-state visitors.
Tampa International Airport – named the “best large airport in North America in 2023” – is growing fast, and visits to the Downtown Tampa POI from visitors coming from 250+ miles away were up almost every month of 2023, especially compared to pre-pandemic 2019. (Most places 250 miles or more outside Tampa are also outside Florida.) And although YoY foot traffic did dip some months, the drop was likely due to the comparison with a particularly strong 2022 that brought a record number of tourists to the Hillsborough County seat.
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Diving into the demographic data of visitors traveling to Downtown Tampa from at least 250 miles away helps shed light on who is driving this domestic tourism surge.
Between 2019 and 2023, the share of households with children in the trade areas feeding out-of-state visits to downtown Tampa grew from 25.9% in 2019 to 27.1% in 2023. Similarly, the median household income (HHI) of visitors to the city’s downtown also increased from $85.1K/year to $91.8K/year. These shifts in visitor demographics suggest that at least some of the tourism surge to the city may be driven by families with children and wealthy families.
It seems, then, that Tampa is on the rise not just as a retirement hub or as a millennial and Gen-Z hotspot. The city is also attracting an increasingly larger share of affluent families with children, indicating that this rising Florida star with something for everyone may soar even higher in 2024.
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With its pristine beaches and diverse attractions, Tampa has long boasted a robust tourism sector – and the city’s popularity has surged even higher post-pandemic. So far, 2024 looks promising for the city’s tourism segment. Will Tampa continue to attract vacationers and sight-seers?
Visit placer.ai/blog to find out.
As discussed last week, 2023 was a year that forced restaurant operators to stay agile amid inflationary headwinds and changes in consumer behavior, daypart shifts, new approaches to drive-thru, and population migration changes. This week’s ICR Conference also gave us a chance to speak with the management team from more than 25 restaurant chains as well as their investors to better understand their lessons from 2023 and how they plan to apply them in 2024.
Despite most chains reporting that visits are still down on a year-over-year basis, there was a sense of optimism among many of the operators we spoke to. Many acknowledged that there were still pressures weighing on consumer spending, but that the strategies put in place during 2023 to stabilize visitation trends had been working (including an emphasis on value, elevated experience, adopting new restaurant formats to better address a wider range of commercial property types, and new menu innovations). Several management teams acknowledged that the contractor availability and equipment supply chain bottlenecks that had plagued new store openings in 2023 had started to dissipate, with several chains planning to resume or even exceed their pre-pandemic pace of restaurant openings (although many admitted that new store buildout costs are still running 25%-30% higher than they were 5 years ago). Given the higher costs involved with new store openings (and the risk of opening a location in a subpar site), there was a heavy emphasis on harnessing new data sources to better understand migration trends, trade area demographics, and incumbent competition when making site selection opportunities (and thank you to customers like Dave & Buster’s and Chuy’s for highlighting how they are incorporating Placer data into these decisions).
Below, we discuss a few key trends that restaurant operators and their commercial real estate partners should be thinking about as we move into 2024.
Perhaps it shouldn’t be surprising at an event where several restaurant operators were looking to raise capital, but the overarching theme from most management teams that we spoke to this week was that they were ready to accelerate unit expansion plans. Expansion strategies differed by concept, but most operators planned to open new locations across a combination of existing and new markets. With respect to new markets, many operators told us they were prioritizing South and Southeastern markets for new market expansion, echoing what we heard from McDonald’s and others last year. Below, we’ve presented the latest data from Placer’s Migration Trends Report which shows total population changes by market from November 2019-November 2023. Indeed, our data confirms that many South (Phoenix, Texas) and Southeast (Central Florida, Carolinas) markets were among the highest growth populations in the U.S. over the past four years.
That said, with so many restaurant operators targeting these regions, we heard from several executives about the importance of fully understanding the makeup of the markets. Said another way, just because a market has seen meaningful population growth, it doesn’t necessarily mean it’s a candidate for expansion. Below, we’ve presented the same migration map as above (2019-2023 population growth), but with a origin/destination household income filter. A red dot on this map indicates that a market saw the average household income fall because of migration, while a green dot indicates that a market saw an increase in household income. Here, we see a slightly different story, as many higher growth populations actually saw a decline in household income due to migration. We also see the impact of the urban/suburban migration shift that we’ve discussed in the past, with many smaller markets across the Carolinas and Central Florida seeing the highest household income growth versus 2019.
Below, we’ve attempted to bring the two charts together and identify markets that have not only seen population growth but also a significant increase in household income. We see markets like Las Vegas and other areas in Central Florida and the Carolinas region score well using this methodology, but a number of other markets like Boise City, ID, Lakeland, WI, and Spokane, WA also seeing increases in population but also an increase in their average household income.
Most U.S. markets have gone through significant changes post-pandemic both in terms of population size and population makeup. At the end of the day, it's important for restaurants and retailers to not only understand both of these factors when evaluating new markets for growth. We’ve certainly seen success stories–Portillo’s continues to thrive in Texas, for example–but we’ve also seen cases where restaurant openings haven’t been as successful in newer markets because of migration changes.
We spoke about trends in the eatertainment category last year with the conclusion being that these concepts were still key in driving traffic to commercial properties (despite facing tougher year-over-year comparisons from the great reopening we saw in 2022). There was a palpable sense of optimism among the eatertainment concepts we spoke to at the event, whether they were more focused on entertainment (including Dave & Buster’s, Puttshack, and Pinstripes) or interactive dining (Kura Revolving Sushi Bar or GEN Korean BBQ).
We’ve updated the eatertainment versus casual dining category visit per location analysis we’ve presented in the past below. Although eatertainment’s visit per location outperformance narrowed versus casual dining during Q4 2023, we believe this is a byproduct of seasonality (shift to sit-down dining during the holiday season) and expect the gap to widen once again during Q1 2024.
Most of the eatertainment concepts we spoke to at the ICR conference planned a two-pronged approach to unit expansion in 2024: infilling existing markets and establishing a beachhead in newer markets. Most concepts in this category were planning to grow their store bases by at least double-digit growth rates in 2024, with some like Pinstripes are forecasting 30%+ unit growth this year. Other like Dave & Buster’s are planning to focus on remodeling activity on top of new unit openings to modernize their locations. As demand for eatertainment remains strong among consumers and mall owners, we anticipate that this will remain one of the past growing categories in dining during 2024.
Casual dining concepts often have a reputation of catering to an older population. However, Darden’s management team called out several demographic trends that should benefit its different brands (including Olive Garden, Longhorn Steakhouse, Cheddar’s, Yardhouse, and others). First, while the percentage of the population in their peak earning years (typically between the ages of 35 and 55) had been on a downward trend for much of the 2000s and part of the 2010s, we’ve seen a reversal of this trend in recent years, which should stimulate demand for full-service dining. Second, the company noted that it over-indexes to millennials. Our data reinforces this, as the potential trade area audience profile by age cohort for Olive Garden (below) indicates a higher percentage of population between the ages of 30-49, encapsulating much of the millennial age range (roughly 27-42 years old today). Last year, we noted that some of the shift to earlier dining times may have been due to changing demographic trends in cities, with an increase in younger families in urban markets needing earlier dining times. Darden's commentary offers further validation of these trends and offers hope for other casual dining chains as this generation cohort continues to enter their peak earning years.
Last year, we noted that some of the shift to earlier dining times may have been due to changing demographic trends in cities, with an increase in younger families in urban markets needing earlier dining times. Darden's commentary offers further validation of these trends and offers hope for other casual dining chains as this generation cohort continues to enter their peak earning years.
Grocery anchors proved to be a saving grace for many a shopping center during COVID. With apparel and dining shut down and only essential retailers allowed to open, many centers suddenly found that having a superstore/mass merchant like Walmart or Target, a warehouse like Costco or Sam’s Club, or a grocery store on the premises helped to steady some of the waves of traffic fluctuations. Whether it was as part of a specific center or more broadly adding grocery-anchored centers to a portfolio, REITs started looking more closely at the role of grocery in their centers. Indeed, we have written about the inclusion of specialty grocery stores and ethnic grocery stores in shopping centers being even rather quotidian these days. We’ve also written about the redevelopment of shopping centers that include food halls as part of their renaissance.
So it was rather surprising that Bristol Farms’ concept Newfound Market, which opened at the Irvine Spectrum in March 2022, recently announced that it is closing. The initial concept was to be “very much about experience…diving in deep on food and beverage…curated, yet everyday.” It was to feature seven of Bristol Farms’ own chef-created restaurant brands.
We take a look at some Placer statistics to see what might have accounted for reduced traffic for what sounded like an amazing concept. As a control, we compared the Bristol Farms in Irvine to one in nearby Newport Beach. We see that when Newfound Market first opened, it had nearly twice the traffic of the one in Newport Beach. This could be due to overall excitement about the chef-driven concepts, wanting to check out a new grocery store, or other factors. However, traffic for Newfound Market began dwindling in Fall 2022, and fell even further in Fall 2023, likely leading to its closure.
If we look at variance, we see that during the same time period, traffic grew for Irvine Spectrum Center as a whole (note it was one of our spectacular callouts for holiday shopping 2023 in terms of year-over-year growth), and traffic was fairly steady for the Newport Beach branch of the Bristol Farms.
How much did the number of Newfound Market shoppers change over time? We compared the Bristol Farms Newfound Market Shopper from Apr.-Dec. 2022 with that of the shopper from Apr.-Dec. 2023. During that time, there were over 150K fewer visits and around 100K fewer visitors. Visit frequency also decreased from 1.54 to 1.4 (below).
There was a slight dip in the average household income of the visitor.
There was a marked decrease in the proportion of Ultra Wealthy Families coming in 2023, and somewhat of a decrease of Wealthy Suburban Families.
Interestingly, the trade area has expanded from 2022 to 2023, as shown by the increase in red dots from further afield.
And indeed, Placer analysis reveals that the trade area increased by 28 square miles. On one hand, this is a plus, showing that there is a magnetic draw to a wider audience. On the other hand, given that most grocery stores live on weekly visits from a much tighter trade area, this could indicate that a trip to Irvine Spectrum and/or the Bristol Farms Newfound Market began to fall under the umbrella of a “destination” visit, rather than a regular “essential” visit. Over time, those locals who associate the Irvine Spectrum more with a Ferris Wheel might not have grocery shopping there as top-of-mind, and those who come from further away have already tried out the food hall.
The average visit frequency to Bristol Farms Newfound market was 1.54 from Apr.-Dec. 2022 and 1.40 from Apr.-Dec. 2023. In contrast, the average visit frequency to the top four most-trafficked Bristol Farms was closer to 3-4 visits, a rate more than double. Most telling is when we look at the bar chart below and see that the number of one-time visitors versus 30+ time visitors at Newfound Market is almost in direct contrast to its four other peers, who have a much higher proportion of their visits in the 10+ range.
This by no means negates the fact that grocery stores and food halls can be wonderful additions to shopping centers. For instance, 99 Ranch opened at Westfield Oakridge around the same time period (March 2022) and to date it has proven to have a steady stream of traffic. Keep in mind that Oakridge is more of your neighborhood mall with typical mall retailers, hence more likely to be part of a weekly or monthly routine.
Comparing year-over-year variance, the 99 Ranch at Oakridge has also overindexed on a percentage basis compared to the overall mall. The grocery store draws from a trade area of 58 square miles, with an average of 2.86 visits.
With sales of mountain passes up and eager skiers and snowboarders ready to hit the slopes, let’s take a look at how Backcountry has been performing of late. This brand may be familiar to many, as it has been an online retailer for the past 27 years. Lately, though, the retailer has made a foray into brick-and-mortar stores in areas where they have a strong concentration of online customers, with the store count currently up to 9 nationwide.
The Palo Alto store opened in Spring 2023. Visitation trendlines show that this store at the Stanford Shopping Center has jumped to be neck-and-neck with the Seattle store in Dec 2023.
The majority of Backcountry shoppers come from very high-income households, such as Ultra Wealthy Families, Educated Urbanites, and Sunset Boomers (using PersonaLive data for select store trade areas).
Backcountry opened its first physical store downstairs from its corporate headquarters in Park City, UT in 2021. The impetus for opening a brick-and-mortar store was to “deepen connections with its customers.” In addition to the Palo Alto store, Backcountry also opened its first east coast outpost on 14th St in Washington DC during spring 2023, one of the hot retail corridors we wrote about. The newest entrant is a 23,000 square-foot flagship location open at the Grove in Los Angeles in July, which will provide gear for all sorts of popular outdoor activities, such as hiking, camping, water sports, running and climbing.
The holidays conjure up warm, cozy images of families sitting around artfully-set tables and enjoying delicious home-cooked meals. But for many people, Christmas Day is also a time to eat out. And while many restaurants are closed on December 25th, several national and regional chains keep their doors open for patrons eager to enjoy a nice, stress-free meal with loved ones – without the clean-up.
So with the holiday season in the rearview mirror, we dove into the data to explore nationwide December 25th dining trends – focusing our analysis on more than 100 chains, mostly full-service, with significant national or regional presence. Which brands are most popular on Christmas Day? And what differences can be observed in different regions of the country?
Nationwide, visits to dining chains nationwide were down 59.7% on December 25th, 2023, compared to a Q4 2023 daily average. But digging down deeper into the different areas of the country reveals significant regional differences.
The Pacific states – including California, Washington, Oregon, Alaska, and Hawaii – saw a drop of just 33.8% in dining visits on Christmas Day compared to the region’s Q4 2023 daily average. Next in line were the various regions of the South, where December 25th foot traffic dropped between 51.2% and 56.9%, followed by the Mountain states. And on the other end of the spectrum lay New England, where visits were down 83.3% compared to a Q4 baseline. Other areas of the Northeast and Midwest also experienced foot traffic dips in excess of 70.0% – indicating that residents of these areas are less likely to dine out on the holiday.
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But which chains are most popular on December 25th? Analyzing the distribution of holiday visits among 25 leading Christmas Day restaurant destinations shows that three all-day breakfast chains – Waffle House, IHOP, and Denny’s – dominated the Christmas Day dining market this year.
Together, these 24/7 eateries, which tend to experience significant holiday visit bumps, accounted for an impressive 70.4% of holiday dining foot traffic. After a leisurely morning of presents and hot cocoa, it seems, nothing quite hits the spot like waffles, pancakes, and other breakfast favorites. And with affordable prices, seasonal menus, and special holiday vibes (complete with pajama-clad customers), these restaurants offer plenty of holiday cheer.
But breakfast chains aren’t the only dining venues that draw Christmas Day crowds. Red Lobster, the popular seafood chain, cornered 4.9% of this year’s December 25th dining foot traffic. And Applebee’s, Black Bear Diner, Golden Corral, and TGI Fridays each received between 2.0% and 3.0% of Christmas Day visits.
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Drilling down deeper into the data for holiday visit trends shows that each state has its own favorite Christmas Day destination. In no fewer than 21 states nationwide – including New York, Texas, Michigan, and Florida – IHOP topped the chart. Denny’s and Waffle House, for their parts, each led the charge in 11 states, with Waffle House dominating the Christmas Day scene in much of the South.
But in some places, other chains topped the Christmas Day rankings. In Iowa, Minnesota, and North Dakota, people flocked to Perkins Restaurant & Bakery – the casual-dining chain known for its iconic pies and pancakes. In Wyoming and South Dakota, Red Lobster drew the biggest crowds. And in Oregon, Shari’s – a chain with some 80 locations in the western region of the country – attracted the most holiday visits.
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Foot traffic data also reveals, unsurprisingly, that visitors to the three Christmas Day leaders – Waffle House, IHOP, and Denny’s – spent more time in the restaurants on Christmas Day than they usually do. Some 17.3% of Christmas Day Waffle House visits lasted more than one hour – compared to 14.7% on an average day in 2023. IHOP and Denny’s also saw significant holiday increases in dwell time.
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Though many restaurants are closed on December 25th, chains that do stay open – especially all-day breakfast eateries – draw significant crowds. How will holiday winners like Waffle House, IHOP, and Denny’s continue to fare as people settle back into their post-holiday routines? And how will Christmas Day dining trends evolve nationwide in the years to come?
Follow placer.ai/blog to find out.
The Placer.ai Nationwide Office Building Index: The office building index analyzes foot traffic data from some 1,000 office buildings across the country. It only includes commercial office buildings, and commercial office buildings with retail offerings on the first floor (like an office building that might include a national coffee chain on the ground floor). It does NOT include mixed-use buildings that are both residential and commercial.
Has the remote work war run its course? For a while last year, it seemed like not a day went by without another headline proclaiming the demise of WFH. And as return-to-office mandates continued to pile up (et tu, Zoom?), the debate over offsite work productivity grew ever more rancorous.
But amidst all the noise, a new hybrid reality appears to have taken hold, offering both companies and employees the benefits of a mixed model. Yes, productivity can thrive outside the office – but there is something about the intangible spark that ignites when people interact with one another in person that has proven crucial to business success. So while recent survey data shows a precipitous drop in fully remote work over the past three years, most companies aren’t requiring people to go back to the office full time.
With these trends in mind, we dove into the data to explore the state of office foot traffic as the year drew to a close. How did December 2023 office visits compare to pre-COVID? And what impact did the holiday season have on the demographic profile of the typical office-goer?
Last month, buildings in our Nationwide Office Index received 36.5% fewer visits than they did in December 2019 – reflecting a continuation of the same general holding pattern that has seen foot traffic hovering around 40.0% of pre-COVID levels, with some minor fluctuations.
But delving further into the data for key commercial hubs nationwide highlights the persistence of important regional differences – with New York City emerging as last month’s clear office recovery winner. In December 2023, the Big Apple experienced a year-over-four-year (Yo4Y) visit gap of just 19.2% – the smallest seen by the city in some time. At the other end of the spectrum lay San Francisco, with a Yo4Y visit gap of 53.1%.
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But December is a bit of an outlier, work-wise. It’s the heart of the holiday season – kicked off by Thanksgiving at the end of November, and bookended by New Year’s Eve on the other side. And foot traffic data shows a small but distinct shift in the demographic profiles of office buildings’ captured markets – i.e. the areas their visitors come from – during the last month of the year.
Nationwide, and in major cities like New York and San Francisco, office-goers tend to come from relatively affluent areas with greater-than-average shares of one-person households. But over the final three months of 2023, both of these metrics in office buildings’ captured markets gradually declined. November office visitors were more likely to come from larger and lower-HHI households than October visitors – and December visitors were more likely to come from such households than November ones. This may reflect the greater flexibility of higher-HHI employees to work from home more often during the holiday season. It may also reflect a greater tendency on the part of singles to take extended trips to visit family during the holidays, and plug in from afar.
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Hybrid work may be here to stay, but employees and companies will likely continue to negotiate the exact terms of the new model in the months and years ahead. Are the remote work wars really over? And what will office recovery look like in the new year?
Follow placer.ai/blog to find out.
During the pandemic and its aftermath, Americans were on the move. Millions left expensive coastal markets for lower-cost destinations across the Sun Belt, while boomtowns such as Bozeman, Boise, and Austin struggled to keep pace with the influx of new residents.
That wave of relocation has since cooled, as return-to-office mandates, higher mortgage rates, and a shrinking affordability gap between coastal cities and many COVID-era hotspots have dampened the incentive to move. But even in a slower market, domestic migration remains one of the most powerful forces shaping local economies, housing markets, and consumer demand.
This report leverages AI-powered location analytics to examine the relocation patterns reshaping the United States in 2026 – where Americans are moving, the demographic and economic forces driving those decisions, and how retailers, investors, developers, and policymakers can respond to the opportunities and challenges created by these shifts.
Which major metros are attracting the most new residents? Which pandemic-era standouts have seen growth stall or reverse? And what factors best predict a large metro area's domestic migration growth potential in 2026?
The latest statewide migration data shows that the slower relocation pace observed in 2024 persisted into 2025. No state recorded net inflows or outflows exceeding 0.7% of its starting population. And while several smaller states continued to attract new residents at meaningful rates, none of the nation's six most populous states saw net in-migration exceed 0.2%.
Among those smaller states, South Carolina and Delaware led the nation with net in-migration equal to 0.7% of their populations, followed by Idaho (0.6%), Maine (0.5%), Tennessee (0.4%), and North Carolina (0.3%). For most of these states, migration accelerated relative to 2024, though Delaware's inflow rate moderated slightly and North Carolina held steady.
Despite their differences, these states tend to offer a similar mix of lifestyle amenities, relatively low congestion, and opportunities for growth. Many also benefit from business-friendly climates, favorable tax policies, or housing costs that remain attractive relative to the higher-cost markets from which they draw new residents.
At the other end of the spectrum was Vermont, which saw the nation’s largest net outflow as share of population in 2025, losing 0.4% of its population to domestic relocation. The decline deepens a reversal that first emerged in 2024, when the state swung to a net loss of 0.2%, after attracting inflows of 0.8% and 0.5% in 2022 and 2023, respectively.
Vermont's reversal likely reflects a combination of factors, including return-to-office mandates and the waning appeal of remote work. Housing undersupply in the state may have also contributed, illustrating how important infrastructure investments are to sustaining migration gains over time.
Among the nation's six most populous states, Florida was the only one to see accelerating net in-migration in 2025, attracting new residents equal to 0.2% of its starting population, up from 0.1% the year before. Texas, by contrast, slowed from 0.1% net in-migration in 2024 to essentially flat in 2025, highlighting the cooling of what was once one of the country's strongest pandemic-era migration magnets.
Meanwhile, the legacy "exodus" states continue to lose residents, but at a slower pace than in previous years. Illinois and California have seen their migration deficits steadily narrow, with further improvement in 2025. Between 2022 and 2025, Illinois moved from -0.8% → -0.2% → -0.2% → -0.1%, while California moved from -0.9% → -0.4% → -0.3% → -0.2%. And though New York has held steady at -0.2% over the past two years, this marks a significant moderation from 2022, when the state experienced net outmigration equal to 1.1% of its population.
Statewide trends reveal important shifts, but a closer look at the nation's ten largest metropolitan areas suggests that broader interstate averages increasingly mask diverging local realities. Several metros are attracting residents through interstate domestic migration even when their states as a whole are experiencing little or no net migration growth.
Phoenix (+0.3%), for example, stood out as the nation's top-performing large metro in 2025, despite Arizona's absence from the list of leading migration destinations – with the majority of its inflow coming from out of state.
Dallas (+0.2%) ranked second, continuing its rebound from -0.1% in 2023 even as Texas' statewide migration gains cooled. Like Phoenix, Dallas drew a majority of its new residents from outside the state, underscoring its growing appeal as a national migration destination. Houston, meanwhile, moved in the opposite direction, falling from 0.1% net in-migration in 2023 to -0.1% in 2025. While it is too early to call this a sustained reversal, the divergence between the two metros may reflect Dallas's growing pull as a corporate magnet alongside rising housing costs and weather-related challenges in Houston.
Metro-level data also suggests that the pandemic-era "big-city exodus" narrative is continuing to fade. Los Angeles improved from -0.8% in 2023 to -0.3% in 2025, while New York held steady at -0.3% after improving in 2024. Even Miami (-0.6%), which ranked last among major metros despite Florida's continued statewide gains, saw its outflows moderate from 2023 levels. And while Illinois continued to post net outmigration, Chicago (0.0%) reached migration neutrality in 2025 after recording losses in both 2023 and 2024.
Despite Miami's struggles – and Florida’s relatively modest 0.2% inflow – a look beyond the top 10 large metros reveals that the Sunshine State is home to six of the nation's eight fastest-growing large metros nationwide.
Those top-performing metros, defined as CBSAs with 500K+ residents that added at least 0.8% of their population through net domestic migration over the past year, share a similar profile: lower housing costs, retiree appeal, suburban density, and an easy drive to a larger economic hub.
Much of the growth of these Florida metro areas, however, is being fueled from within Florida itself. While major out-of-state metros such as New York (6.1%) and Chicago (2.0%) remained important sources of new residents, nearly half of the net migration into Florida's top destination metros came from elsewhere in the state. In 2025, Miami (22.5%), Orlando (13.0%), Tampa (5.8%), and Naples (4.2%) together accounted for 45.5% of the net positive migration feeding these fast-growing markets.
The migration flows feeding the nation’s fastest-growing large metros suggest that affordability remains a powerful driver of domestic relocation.
In 2025, seven of the eight top destination metros analyzed above had lower typical home values than their largest feeder markets. Lakeland–Winter Haven, FL, for example, had a typical home value of $313.4K in December 2024, compared with $404.9K in Orlando and $380.2K in Tampa – its two largest sources of net migration. Even North Port–Bradenton–Sarasota, FL – the most expensive Florida metro in this group – drew its largest share of net migration from the New York metro area, where home values are substantially higher.
The lone exception was Charleston–North Charleston, SC, whose largest source of net migration was Baltimore – a market with lower typical home values than the destination. Even in Charleston, however, affordability appears to have played a role. New York, a significantly more expensive market, ranked a close second in 2025, accounting for 6.5% of net positive migration into Charleston, just behind Baltimore’s 6.8%.
While housing costs are only one factor influencing migration decisions, the data suggests that households continue to gravitate toward markets where homeownership is comparatively more attainable than in the places they leave behind.
Typical Home Values* in Top Feeder Markets to Destination Hubs, 2025
*Typical home value based on Zillow Research’s Zillow Home Value Index (ZHVI) for Dec. 2024, immediately preceding the analyzed migration period (Jan.–Dec. 2025).
But as important as affordability is in explaining today’s domestic migration patterns, age appears to be an even stronger determinant of where people choose to relocate.
Among mid-sized and large metros (250K+ residents) experiencing significant population shifts – defined as gaining or losing at least 1.0% of their starting population through domestic migration over the past two years – households are increasingly moving toward older, more established communities.
The data reveals a clear negative relationship between migration performance and age differential – a metric calculated by subtracting the median age of the destination market from the weighted median age of its feeder markets. Negative values indicate movement toward older communities, while positive values indicate movement toward younger ones. In other words, the metros attracting the strongest migration inflows tend to be older than the markets sending them residents.
The data also shows a clear positive relationship between migration performance and retiree concentration. Metros with larger shares of residents aged 65 and older generally saw stronger migration gains over the past two years, while younger metros tended to attract fewer newcomers. This suggests that retiree-driven relocation has become an increasingly important driver of migration. At the same time, the influx of younger residents points to the broader appeal of these communities, which offer a mix of affordability, amenities, and lifestyle advantages.
Net Migration as Share of Starting Population, 2024–2025*
*Analysis includes metro areas with 250K+ residents and domestic migration gains or losses of at least 1.0% during the study period. Weighted Age Differential compares the destination market’s median age with the weighted median age of origin markets, with positive values indicating migration toward younger markets and negative values indicating migration toward older markets. Age data: Census ACS 2020–2024.
The pandemic-era urban exodus is giving way to a more nuanced migration landscape. Large urban markets are stabilizing, while growth is increasingly concentrated in smaller states, secondary metros, and intra-state corridors. Affordability remains a powerful pull, but retirees, lifestyle considerations, and local market dynamics are also playing an increasingly important role in where Americans choose to live.
To capitalize on these shifts in 2026, civic leaders, commercial real estate (CRE) investors, retailers, and developers should:
Across segments, retail and dining expansions converge on a common set of priorities, including identifying markets with strong demand, ensuring alignment with target audiences, and leveraging local consumer behavior to drive synergy. Using AI-powered location intelligence, we analyzed five expanding brands and segments to uncover the core principles driving successful site selection.
Nationwide visits to coffee chains are up in 2026, with established brands and newcomers alike seeing their traffic increase as consumer headwinds lead some to shift their discretionary spend towards more affordable indulgences. But past visit growth does not necessarily indicate future opportunity – it may instead signal market saturation. Relying solely on overall visit trends to guide expansion could lead chains into highly competitive markets where existing supply already meets demand.
For example, analyzing traffic trends in 10 major metro areas where coffee visits increased year-over-year (YoY) in Q1 2026 reveals significant gaps between overall traffic trends and per-location demand. In some CBSAs, overall traffic growth significantly outpaced per-location traffic trends – suggesting that supply is already meeting (or exceeding) demand and limiting room for new coffee locations despite overall category growth. But in other metro areas, where overall visit growth appears smaller, per-location traffic is actually booming – indicating that the underlying demand is resilient enough to support additional coffee concepts.
These patterns highlight the importance of looking beyond topline growth to identify where true whitespace still exists.
Effective site selection matches both regional and local demographics to a brand’s target customer, supporting performance and reinforcing positioning. But even in well-aligned metros, results depend on site-level precision – locations where the trade area visitor profile most closely reflects the brand’s core audience are best positioned to drive incremental upside.
An analysis of Alo locations in the DC area suggests that the company is adopting this strategy. Within the already high-income metro area of Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, individual Alo Yoga stores are placed in centers that draw even more affluent visitors – maximizing the revenue potential of each location.
In fact, Alo's newest stores in the metro area – One Loudoun and Bethesda Row – drive traffic from households with higher median incomes than even the established area locations. This signals a clear focus on premium retail corridors and affluent consumer segments, which reinforces the brand’s positioning while capturing higher-spending customers at the site level.
Beyond driving traffic potential and demographic alignment, site selection should also ensure that a brand’s identity and operating model are well matched to the visitation patterns of prospective locations. Barnes & Noble offers a clear example. The company’s ongoing resurgence has relied in part on repositioning itself as a local cultural and social hub, with a stronger emphasis on local curation and community-driven events.
And analyzing Barnes & Noble’s 2026 openings shows a clear tilt toward centers with a higher share of local traffic than the chain average – supporting its shift away from a purely transactional retail model toward a more community-centric experience built around local curation, events, and repeat visitation. By prioritizing locally driven centers, the company’s site selection strategy not only captures relevant traffic but also reinforces its broader repositioning as a neighborhood-oriented brand.
Effective site selection recognizes that proximity to competitors can function as a demand driver, amplifying traffic rather than diluting it.
In practice, this often takes the form of clustering – deliberately locating near similar or complementary concepts to capture shared demand. Shake Shack provides a clear example. Analyzing the chain's store fleet shows that many locations sit near other QSR and fast-casual concepts, creating opportunities to capture dining-based traffic. At the same time, strong cross-visitation patterns indicate that these co-located brands share a common customer base, positioning the brand closer to consumers who are already likely to visit. And, at least for Shake Shack, this strategy appears to be working – traffic to the chain increased 19.9% YoY in Q1 2026.
Incorporating trade area analysis into site selection can also help determine whether a new location will generate new traffic or risk cannibalizing existing demand. Aldi, a rapidly expanding grocery chain, offers a relevant example.
The company opened a fourth Las Vegas store on S Decatur Blvd in October 2025, positioned between existing locations on W Craig Rd and S Rainbow Blvd, approximately eight miles from each. And analyzing the core trade area of each of the four Las Vegas locations indicated limited visitor cannibalization over the last six months, despite the stores’ close proximity. Only 6.2% and 7.6% of the S Decatur Blvd store’s trade area overlapped with the W Craig Rd and S Rainbow Blvd stores’ trade areas, respectively.
These findings show that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to store spacing – it varies by brand, category, and market. Analyzing a company’s existing store network alongside competitor density and overall demand can help determine how closely locations can be placed without hurting performance. In many cases – especially in high-frequency categories like grocery – markets can support stores that are closer together than expected.
Physical retail is increasingly defined by a small group of dominant players – Walmart, Target, Costco Wholesale, and Dollar General – that span grocery, essentials, and discretionary categories at a scale no other retailers can match. These chains serve as bellwethers of consumer behavior, revealing where Americans are spending, how often they shop, and what drives their decisions. And understanding their visitation patterns sheds light on the key dynamics shaping both their performance and the broader blueprint for retail success in 2026.
Retail giants Walmart, Target, Costco Wholesale, and Dollar General continue to capture a growing share of brick-and-mortar visits nationwide.
• The share of physical retail traffic captured by these giants rose from 16.8% in 2019 to 17.5% in Q1 2026, signaling continued sector consolidation.
• The scale advantage enjoyed by retail giants is increasingly self-reinforcing: Larger players benefit from superior data, stronger vendor leverage, and operational efficiencies that in turn further widen the gap.
• As these advantages compound, direct competition becomes less viable. Instead, smaller retailers should focus on owning specific trip missions – such as convenience, fill-in, or discovery – where format, assortment curation, and in-store experience can more directly shape consumer choice.
• For CRE operators, the growing dominance of these retail giants increases reliance on top-tier anchors, potentially driving performance gaps between centers with strong national tenants and those without.
• For CPG companies, the consolidation in the offline retail space heightens channel concentration, making success with a handful of large retailers critical while increasing those retailers’ negotiating leverage.
Traffic trends across the four giants reveal meaningful divergence in performance.
• Costco and Dollar General are driving the strongest visit growth, supported by both substantial fleet expansions and rising visits per location. In 2025, visits per store exceeded pre-pandemic levels by 18.1% for Costco and 10.2% for Dollar General, with both brands also seeing steady increases in their share of total brick-and-mortar retail chain visits.
• Walmart remains the largest player by far, accounting for 9.7% of traffic to major brick-and-mortar chains in 2025. And though the behemoth’s share of visits declined slightly in the immediate aftermath of the pandemic, it has held steady over the past three years.
• Target’s visit share has remained relatively flat over the past three years, reflecting stalled momentum. Still, early 2026 trends point to emerging signs of recovery – with Q1 visits up 8.3% compared to Q1 2019.
• Value retail is winning, but in more specialized forms: Dollar General (extreme value + convenience) and Costco (bulk value + loyalty) are driving the strongest traffic growth and rising visits per store, while Walmart’s broad “everyday value” remains steady with slower growth. Target, for its part, is lagging – likely a reflection of the broader bifurcation in retail which has left middle-market players caught between consumers trading down to value and those trading up to quality.
• For retailers and CPG companies, the broader lesson is that value perception is becoming more nuanced. It’s no longer just about offering low prices at scale, but about how value is delivered – whether through small packs vs. bulk, or quick trips vs. stock-up missions. Success increasingly depends on prioritizing these distinct value formats and investing in channels where store-level productivity is improving.
• For CRE operators, the outperformance of retailers with clearly defined value propositions underscores the importance of mission-driven tenant mix. As shoppers visit with increasingly specific missions in mind, retailers that cater to those missions are outperforming. Tenant strategies should reflect this shift, ensuring complementary offerings that reinforce a cohesive shopping mission.
Walmart remains the dominant brick-and-mortar retailer nationwide and across all fifty states. Still, the data suggests there is room for multiple runners-up to succeed across geographies and customer segments.
• Dollar General, Target, and Costco each attract distinct audience segments. Dollar General attracts a disproportionately high share of the “Mature and Retired Living” segment, while Costco leads among family households, with Target also over-indexing with this group. Among younger “Contemporary Households,” meanwhile – a segment encompassing singles, married couples without children, and non-family households – Target commands the highest share, slightly over-indexing compared to the nationwide baseline.
• Regional strengths vary significantly, with Dollar General concentrated in the South, Costco dominant in the Northwest, and Target showing more dispersed areas of strength.
• Despite similar overall visit share, Dollar General leads in more states (26 vs. 17 for Target), reflecting broader geographic dominance.
• For retailers, the data suggests that growth opportunities are increasingly shaped by localized demographic and geographic dynamics – meaning that targeted, market-specific strategies may be more effective than uniform national approaches.
• Younger “Contemporary Households” remain less locked-in than older demographics, representing a key battleground for future growth.
• For CPG companies, this data highlights that channel strategy is really about building the right mix of retailers, since even large national players reach different types of consumers.
• CRE operators should ask "which anchor is right for this trade area" rather than "which anchor is strongest," as mismatched tenants can underperform even if they’re nationally dominant.
After remaining essentially flat in 2025, average visits per location to Walmart grew 3.5% YoY in Q1 2026. And the retailer’s solid Q1 performance across the U.S. underscores its unique ability to resonate across income levels, geographies, and shopping missions.
• Walmart posted year-over-year visit growth across nearly all U.S. markets in Q1 2026, reinforcing its role as a universally relevant retailer.
• The giant’s comparative softness in small parts of the Northeast suggests an opportunity to double down on region-specific assortments, urban-friendly formats, or partnerships to better match local shopping behaviors.
• Walmart’s broad-based growth shows that even as consumers are increasingly willing to visit multiple retailers to get what they want, its Superstore model has solidified its role as a primary stop on the American shopping journey – making it a uniquely reliable anchor for CRE operators.
• For smaller retailers, this underscores the opportunity to win the “second stop” – capturing trips through curated assortments and more tailored in-store experiences that Walmart’s scale is less optimized to deliver.
• For CPG companies, Walmart stands out as a highly attractive partner for broad, efficient reach, given its consistent traffic across markets.
Target’s recent performance suggests early momentum in reversing prior softness.
• Q1 2026 visits to Target rose 5.1% year over year, marking the chain’s first positive visit growth in more than a year, and suggesting that the chain’s new turnaround strategy may be bearing fruit.
• Gains were driven primarily by visits lasting 30 to 45 minutes, which accounted for 19.6% of overall visits to Target in Q1 2026 – pointing to stronger in-store engagement rather than quick, mission-driven stops.
• Target’s return to traffic growth – driven by increases in mid-length trips – signals a sustainable recovery on the horizon, strengthening its reliability as a traffic-driving tenant for CRE operators.
• Target's turnaround shows retailers how increasing shopper engagement can generate growth by converting quick trips into higher-value, multi-category experiences.
• For CPG companies, the rise in mid-length visits indicates a more receptive in-store environment for discovery and trade-up, making Target an increasingly attractive channel for innovation, merchandising, and premium offerings.
Dollar General is becoming embedded in consumers’ daily routines.
• Visitor frequency to Dollar General is on the rise. In Q1 2026, nearly a quarter of visitors frequented the chain at least four times in an average month, up from 21.2% in Q1 2022.
• Dollar General is becoming increasingly local in nature: As its footprint expands, more visits originate nearby, with 28.0% coming from within one mile – reinforcing its role as a neighborhood store of choice.
• Dollar General’s visitation patterns point to a growing ownership of the convenience mission. Its expanding store density is creating a self-reinforcing network effect, where proximity fuels frequency, and frequency strengthens long-term defensibility.
• For retailers, Dollar General’s rising share of nearby and high-frequency visits shows that proximity can drive habit, making convenience a powerful lever for building repeat behavior.
• For CRE operators, the data highlights the strength of hyper-local, necessity-driven traffic, positioning Dollar General as a stable tenant that anchors consistent, repeat visitation.
• For CPG professionals, the increase in frequent trips signals a high-velocity purchase environment, favoring smaller pack sizes and products that align with regular replenishment cycles.
Costco continues to grow and diversify its audience despite higher membership fees and stricter food court access policies, highlighting the strength of its value proposition and loyalty model.
• In September 2024, Costco raised its membership fees for the first time in seven years – and more recently tightened enforcement of member-only access to its food courts. Despite these changes, visitation has remained strong, highlighting the company’s pricing power and deep customer loyalty.
• At the same time, Costco’s shopper base is broadening, with median household income trending slightly downward while remaining relatively affluent.
• Offering strong value to a relatively affluent consumer base can be a winning formula in 2026. Retailers that combine quality, trust, and perceived savings – rather than competing solely on low prices – are well positioned to drive both loyalty and sustained traffic growth.
• For CRE operators, Costco’s sustained traffic growth and broadening shopper base reinforce its value as a standalone, high-demand traffic magnet that can anchor entire trade areas and drive surrounding retail development.
• For CPG companies, the combination of high traffic and declining median HHI signals that Costco is evolving into a scaled channel reaching beyond affluent shoppers, requiring more diversified assortment and pricing strategies.
